The Supreme Court of India’s Centre for Research and Planning has released a White Paper on Artificial Intelligence and the Judiciary, outlining how courts are experimenting with AI while simultaneously confronting its risks.
At the outset, the paper positions AI as an assistive technology capable of supporting legal research, transcription, translation, filing scrutiny, case categorisation, and administrative analytics. At the same time, however, it firmly reiterates that judges must remain the ultimate decision-makers, with every AI output subject to human verification rather than automated acceptance.
Beyond merely cataloguing tools, the report examines how AI could help address structural problems such as case backlogs, procedural delays, and uneven access to justice, particularly for litigants facing linguistic barriers.
Nevertheless, the paper strikes a cautionary tone. It highlights multiple dangers, including fabricated citations generated by AI systems, algorithmic bias embedded in training data, potential breaches of confidentiality involving sensitive court records, and the broader risk of over-reliance on opaque technologies that could weaken judicial accountability.
Consequently, the document proposes a governance framework centred on human-in-the-loop oversight, mandatory verification protocols, security safeguards, audit requirements for translations, and structured training for judges and court staff. It also recommends deploying closed, in-house AI tools rather than public consumer platforms and calls for transparency obligations whenever courts rely on AI assistance.
Meanwhile, at the international level, the paper briefly surveys developments in jurisdictions including the European Union, Brazil, Argentina, Singapore, the UAE, and China, all of which employ AI for tasks such as summarisation, transcription, case management, and drafting, typically under evolving ethical or regulatory controls.
AI Tools Used In Indian Courts
The paper situates AI deployment within the broader court digitisation drive under the e-Courts Project Phase III, backed by a Rs 7,210-crore allocation. It focuses on end-to-end digitisation, AI-enabled scheduling and case prioritisation, and integration with the Inter-Operable Criminal Justice System (ICJS). Meanwhile, the National Judicial Data Grid uses analytics to track pendency patterns and administrative bottlenecks.
The judiciary has already rolled out several AI systems:
- Supreme Court Portal for Assistance in Court Efficiency (SUPACE): An ML-based platform that assists judges in complex matters by automatically extracting relevant facts and precedents from extensive case records.
- Supreme Court Vidhik Anuvaad Software (SUVAS): A rule-based translation tool that converts judgments and orders into Indian languages. Initially launched in nine languages, it has expanded to 19 to enhance accessibility.
- AI-Based Transcription (TERES): A real-time…
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