A new study found that chatbot use appeared to worsen symptoms of mental illness in people struggling with an array of conditions, adding to a rising consensus among medical experts that interacting with unregulated chatbots might steer some users into crisis.
The research, conducted by a team of psychiatrists at Denmark’s Aarhus University and published earlier this month in the journal Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, analyzed digital health records from roughly 54,000 Danish patients with diagnosed mental illnesses. After identifying 181 instances of patient notes containing mentions of AI chatbots, they determined that use of the bots — particularly intensive, prolonged use — appeared to deepen symptoms of mental illness in dozens of patients. They found that this pattern seemed to be especially true for patients prone to delusions or mania, and that the risks of chatbot use may be “severe or even fatal” for some.
This latest study was led by Dr. Søren Dinesen Østergaard, a Danish psychiatrist who, back in August 2023, predicted that human-like chatbots like ChatGPT could stand to reinforce delusions and hallucinations in people “prone to psychosis.” In a press release, Østergaard urged that while more research into causality is needed, he “would argue that we now know enough to say that use of AI chatbots is risky if you have a severe mental illness.”
“I would urge caution here,” said Østergaard.
Though limited to Denmark, the study’s findings add to a wave of public reporting and research about AI-linked mental health crises — sometimes referred to by mental health professionals as “AI psychosis” — in which bots like ChatGPT and others introduce, reinforce, or otherwise stoke delusional beliefs in users in ways that contribute to destructive mental spirals and real-world outcomes. Indeed, instead of nudging users away from delusional beliefs or potentially harmful fixations, previous studies show that chatbots tend to reinforce them — which is exactly what mental health professionals urge people not to do when communicating with someone who may be in crisis.
“AI chatbots have an inherent tendency to validate the user’s beliefs. It is obvious that this is highly problematic if a user already has a delusion or is in the process of developing one,” said Østergaard, adding that intensive chatbot use “appears to contribute significantly to the consolidation of, for example, grandiose delusions or paranoia.”
The Danish study found that in addition to deepening delusional beliefs, chatbots also appeared to worsen suicidal ideation and self-harm, disordered eating habits, depression, and obsessive or compulsive symptoms, among other symptoms of mental health issues.
The researchers did note that, out of the nearly 54,000…
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